Turn 1 (1500-1525)

• 1492: Columbus discovers America. Spain captures Granada
• 1509-1547: Reign of Henry VIII
• 1512: France invades Italy unsuccessfully. 1528 attempt also fails
• 1514-1517: Selim the Grim overruns Middle East
• 1515-1547: Reign of Francis I. Loses election for Holy Roman Emperor.
• 1516-1556: Reign of Charles V
• 1517: Martin Luther begins Lutheran Reformation with the 95 Theses
• 1518: Khair ed-Din becomes Ottoman vassal
• 1520-1566: Reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. Cooperates with France
• 1521: Charles V delegates royal authority in Austria to his brother Ferdinand I
• 1521: Hernan Cortes destroys the Aztec Empire
• 1522: Ottomans seize Rhodes

• 1526: Turkish victory at Mohacs leads to eventual partition of Hungary with Austria
• 1529: Ottomans halted at Vienna. Second invasion in 1532 also fails
• 1531: Formation of Schmalkaldic League
• 1534: Francisco Pizarro overthrows the Inca Empire
• 1541: John Calvin rises to power in Geneva

• 1555: Peace of Augsburg
• 1556-1598: Reign of Philip II of Spain
• 1558: England loses Calais to France
• 1558-1603: Reign of Elizabeth I
• 1559: Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis ends war between France and Spain
• 1562-1598: Huguenot Wars in France
• 1565: Turks repulsed at Malta in epic siege. Ottomans retain Cyprus.
• 1568-1648: The Dutch Revolt
• 1571: Spanish naval victory over the Ottomans at Lepanto
• 1572: St. Bartholomew's Eve Massacre

• 1580: Union of Spain and Portugal
• 1588: England (with help from the weather) defeats the Spanish Armada
• 1589-1610: Reign of Henry IV. Philip II tries to prevent Henry's accession
• 1598: Edict of Nantes

• 1603: James VI of Scotland becomes king of England as James I
• 1605: England colonizes Barbados
• 1607: English settle Jamestown, then Plymouth (1620) and Massachusetts Bay (1628-30)
• 1607: Armistice in Dutch Revolt. Hostilities resume in 1620
• 1608: Founding of Quebec
• 1610-1643: Reign of Louis XIII, with Cardinal Richelieu as chief minister
• 1611: King James Bible
• 1618: Thirty Years War begins with Bohemian Revolt
• 1625: Denmark enters Thirty Years War

• 1630: Sweden enters Thirty Years War
• 1633: Trial of Galileo
• 1634: France enters Thirty Years War on antiHapsburg side
• 1640: Richelieu subsidizes revolts in Portugal and Aragon against Spain
• 1642-1649: English Civil War. Oliver Cromwell in power until 1658
• 1648: Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years War. Dutch gain independence
• 1659: Peace of the Pyrennes ends Franco-Spanish conflict

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